You cannot understand the obsession with 'anti-Semitism' today without understanding how Jewish identity has changed.
The rationale for these accusations include the suggestion that we are operating “double standards” in singling out Israel for criticism. We are alleged to criticize Israel because it is a “Jewish” state. Israel is the “targeted collective Jew among the nations,” Irwin Cotler, a former government minister in Canada, has written.
Today, a different, more subtle argument is developing: Israel and Zionism are an integral part of Jewish identity. That is why opposition to Zionism and Israel is automatically anti-Semitic.
The idea for this
article, which has been printed in Electronic Intifada, came from someone
who wrote to me, anonymously.
They asked which of
the following applies to British Jews? Black people experience
- Deaths in custody
- Worse health inequalities
- Their children are disproportionately in pupil referral units
- They are disproportionately underemployed
- They are not given same opportunity to access community asset development scheme when organisations given funding to ensure this happen
- Why are they overrepresented in prisons?
- Why did the EU not investigate the EHRC on all these counts as they are a national body for the member state equality?
- A disproportionate number subject to stop and search
- Overmedication in the treatment processes for mental health
- Disproportionate homelessness
The rationale for these accusations include the suggestion that we are operating “double standards” in singling out Israel for criticism. We are alleged to criticize Israel because it is a “Jewish” state. Israel is the “targeted collective Jew among the nations,” Irwin Cotler, a former government minister in Canada, has written.
Today, a different, more subtle argument is developing: Israel and Zionism are an integral part of Jewish identity. That is why opposition to Zionism and Israel is automatically anti-Semitic.
This
argument was tested earlier this decade in an employment tribunal which
assessed allegations that
Britain’s University and College Union was anti-Semitic because it supports BDS
– the Palestinian call for boycott, divestment and sanctions against Israel.
Ronnie Fraser, the pro-Israel campaigner who had taken legal action against the
union, argued that Zionism was an integral part of Jewish identity.
Another
variant of this argument is to suggest that as Israel is the only Jewish state
in the world, opposition to it must be anti-Semitic. Since there are Islamic
and Christian states, opposition to Israel cannot be other than anti-Semitic.
However this is to obscure the fact that Israel is unique because it is the
only ethno-religious state in the world.
Inherently racist
Defining
ethnicity and nationality in terms of religion means a state will be inherently
racist.
Being Jewish
in Israel is not a religious but a racial identity. Jews have privileges that
are not accorded to non-Jews.
As a Jew in
Israel, you have access to 93 percent of “national” land controlled
or owned by the Jewish National Fund. Imagine that in
Britain, which is nominally a Christian state, I was unable to rent a flat
because it was Christian national land.
How would
that not be anti-Semitic?
The Islamic
states of the Middle East are certainly backward and regressive political
formations. However they do not systematically grant Muslims special
privileges.
On the
contrary, the Islamic nature of the Iranian or Saudi states operates to
legitimize the oppression and persecution of Muslims. Arguably Jews in Iran are
better off than Muslims.
The French
Revolution, which ushered in the emancipation of the Jews, also introduced the
separation of religion from the state. This is why Zionism was based on a
rejection of emancipation which it saw as leading to the “assimilation” of Jews
to non-Jews.
When
France’s Constituent Assembly convened in September 1789 to discuss the Jewish
question, the civil liberties advocate Stanislas de Clermont-Tonnerre declared that “Jews
should be denied everything as a nation, but granted everything as
individuals.”
Anti-Semitism
was widespread in the ethno-religious and nationalist Christian states of
Eastern Europe in the 1930s and 1940s. These states proved receptive to the
Nazis.
The savagery
of the Holocaust in Romania was too much even for Hans Frank, a leading Nazi
lawyer. He contended that some
of the massacres committed in Romania were much worse than Nazi violence in
Germany, where “we use the art of surgery, not of butchery.”
In Romania,
the fascist Iron Guard was also known as the
Legion of the Archangel Michael. Christianity was an essential
part of Hungary’s fascist Iron Cross. And Slovakia’s
Hlinka Guard – which deported Jews to Auschwitz – was led by a
Catholic priest, Jozef Tiso.
Moral panic
The British
political establishment, including much of the leadership of the Labour Party,
has been in the grip of a form of mass hysteria, a moral panic about
anti-Semitism. The mere denial of the existence of anti-Semitism is proof that
you are an anti-Semite.
The
situation resembles that other example of mass hysteria, the Salem witch
trials. The historian Elizabeth Reis writes about the
dilemmas that faced the women in these trials: “During examinations, accused
women were damned if they did and damned if they did not. If they confessed to
witchcraft charges, their admissions would prove the cases against them; if
they denied the charges, their very intractability, construed as the refusal to
admit to sin more generally, might mark them as sinners and hence allies of the
devil.”
What is this
“anti-Semitism” that is so all-pervasive? In many respects, it resembles the allegations of being
sympathetic toward communism made in the West during the Cold War.
Among the
theoreticians of this “new anti-communism” is Jonathan Freedland, a columnist
with The Guardian. In 2016, he argued that “93
percent [of British Jews] who told a 2015 survey that Israel forms some part of
their identity as Jews can take criticism of Israeli governments and of Israeli
policy” but not anti-Zionism.
It should be
noted that Freedland was concealing the full picture. The same survey asked
British Jews whether they identified as Zionists – 59 percent said “yes” and 31
percent said “no.” The proportion identifying themselves as Zionist dropped by
13 percent since a previous survey was conducted in 2010.
Unsustainable
A similar
claim was made earlier this year by Mike Katz, chair of the Jewish Labour
Movement – a pro-Israel lobby group. Katz was referring to a comment by the
Labour lawmaker Richard Burgon who described Zionism as
“the enemy of peace.”
In other
words, criticism of Zionism, the ideology and the movement, as opposed to the
government of Israel, is intrinsically anti-Semitic because you are attacking
the identity of most Jews. This argument is unsustainable on a number of
levels.
First, the
identity of Jews has changed repeatedly.
Before World
War II, most Jews were anti-Zionist. To say that anti-Zionism is a form of
anti-Semitism is to say that Polish Jews, 90 percent of whom died
in the war, were anti-Semitic on the basis that – in Warsaw –
they voted
overwhelmingly during 1938 elections for the anti-Zionist Jewish Bund.
Secondly,
the reasons for the change in Jewish attitudes to Zionism is primarily a
product of socio-economic changes which has driven them to the right.
And thirdly,
the argument that it is racist to criticize or oppose a group’s identity is
flawed and illogical. It has extremely reactionary implications.
When I was a
child I used to visit relatives in London’s East End. We would go to eat in
Bloom’s, the Jewish restaurant in Whitechapel. We would have to queue to get a
place at lunchtime.
In 1996
Bloom’s closed, the reason
being that the Jews had moved out of the East End to be replaced by Bengalis
and other immigrant communities.
The Jews of
the East End have migrated to the London suburb of Golders Green and elsewhere.
During the
first half of the 20th century, Britain’s Jews were predominantly working class
and prominent in the trade unions. When Phil Piratin, England’s only Communist
Party member of parliament, won the constituency of Mile End in East London
during a 1945 election, it is estimated that half
of his vote came from Jews.
Jews formed
an identifiable part of Britain’s working class and its most politically
conscious part. Jews led the anti-fascist movement. At one time there were more
than 30 Jewish
trade unions.
Moving rightwards
Today, there
is no Jewish working class. Jews have climbed the socio-economic ladder and –
in many cases – moved rightwards politically. When it is argued that
“anti-Semitism” under current Labour leader Jeremy
Corbyn has led to the loss of Jewish support for the
party, that is simply untrue.
According to
a poll in April
2015, 69 percent of Jews were planning to vote Conservative in the following
month’s general election and only 22 percent for Labour. That was despite the
fact that Labour was then led by Ed Miliband, its first Jewish leader.
William
Rubinstein, a historian, wrote in the
1980s about “the rise of Western Jewry to unparalleled affluence and high
status.” That rise “has led to the near-disappearance of a Jewish proletariat
of any size; indeed, the Jews may become the first ethnic group in history
without a working class of any size.”
As the Jews
changed, so too did anti-Semitism. State-sponsored anti-Semitism disappeared in
Britain to be replaced by racism against Black and Asian people.
Rubinstein’s
conclusion was that the
change in Jews’ socio-economic position “has rendered obsolete (and rarely
heard) the type of anti-Semitism which has its basis in fears of the swamping
of the native population.” It has made “Marxism, and other radical doctrines,
irrelevant to the socio-economic bases of Western Jewry, and increasingly
unattractive to most Jews.”
Geoffrey
Alderman, a Jewish Chronicle columnist and right-wing Zionist, wrote in
a 1983 book that by 1961, “over 40 percent of Anglo-Jewry was located in the
upper two social classes, whereas these categories accounted for less than 20
percent of the general population.”
Alderman
shows that British Jews frequently became much
more conservative than the rest of the British
population.
That is
illustrated by the March 1978 by-election which took place in the Ilford North
area of Greater London. Labour had previously held this seat by just 778 votes.
By-elections are held in Britain when a parliamentary seat becomes vacant,
usually due to a death or resignation.
During the
1978 by-election Keith Joseph, Margaret Thatcher’s svengali, came to the
constituency to make a blatantly racist anti-immigration speech.
One might
expect that Jewish voters of all people would react against this. Not a bit of
it. The Conservatives gained the seat on a swing of 6.9 percent but among
Jewish voters there was a swing of 11.2
percent.
As Jews move
to the right, they become more sympathetic to Zionism, British foreign policy
and US imperialism. That has nothing to do with anti-Semitism.
Blackmail
The argument
that opposition to a group’s identity is racist is part of the poisonous legacy
of identity politics which eliminates the distinction between oppressed and
oppressor. That legacy would have one believe that even the powerful and
privileged have an identity and their claims have equal validity to those they
exploit.
In the
absence of class and race, identity politics become a justification for the
status quo.
Of course,
it is true that racists will disguise an attack on a particular ethnic or
racial group by attacking its religion.
When
right-wing firebrand Robert Spencer attacks Islam as
“warfare against unbelievers” or his colleague Pamela Geller writes that “the
Quran is war propaganda,” then that is racism, not a critique of religion. But
when someone defends Salman Rushdie because he published The Satanic Verses,
that is a defense of reason against religious bigotry.
The same
applies to Zionism. If someone attacks Israel because it is a Jewish state,
then that is anti-Semitic. But 99 percent of cases criticism of Israel have
nothing to do with anti-Semitism.
On the
contrary, it is anti-Semites – from Hungary’s Viktor Orban to Steve Bannon in
the US – who use support for Israel to disguise their anti-Semitism.
Opposition
to a particular identity is not racist.
In
Afghanistan many, if not most, people consider the burka an integral part of
Islam. Is it seriously suggested that it is intrinsically racist and
anti-Muslim to oppose the burka, even when such opposition comes from Muslim
women?
In many
countries in Africa female genital mutilation is part of the identity of those
living there. Is opposition to FGM racist?
There are
many religious practices that are reactionary, medieval and barbaric.
Opposition to them is not racist.
The same is
true with the Jewish community. Although there is no doubt that most Jews in
Britain are more liberal than the Jewish leaders and the Board of Deputies,
there is no doubt that the majority are supporters of Zionism.
It is also arguable that a majority of Jews do not realize the extent of
Israeli racism and how Zionism mandates a form of apartheid.
However it
is a fact that a Jewish ethno-nationalist state in Israel cannot be other than
a racist apartheid state. The argument that it is anti-Semitic to oppose an
identity that is itself based on support for racism is untenable.
If indeed
the majority of Jews do support a Zionism that mandates the demolition of
Palestinian villages such as Umm al-Hiran in order to build Jewish towns in
their place, then that is clearly a racist identity. If the majority of British
Jews support a state where the chief rabbi of Safed issues an edict that
non-Jews cannot rent property from Jews, then how is that not racist?
The idea
that opposition to religious identity is, in itself, a form of racism is a type
of blackmail.
Both apartheid in South
Africa and slavery in the US were justified by particular
interpretations of the Bible. Was opposition to the identity of white planters
or West Indian slave owners racist?
Tony Greenstein is a founding member of the Palestine Solidarity
Campaign and the author of The Fight Against Fascism in Brighton and the South Coast.